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<title>Load testing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Load testing</span></span>

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<p><b>Load testing</b> is the process of putting demand on a structure or system and measuring its response.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_load_testing">Software load testing</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Software_load_testing" title="Software load testing">Software load testing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_load_testing&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p>The term <a href="Software_load_testing" title="Software load testing"><i>load testing</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Software_load_testing_Jiang2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Software_load_testing_Jiang2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or stress testing is used in different ways in the professional <a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> community. <i>Load testing</i> generally refers to the practice of modeling the expected usage of a software program by simulating multiple users accessing the program concurrently.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, this testing is most relevant for multi-user systems; often one built using a client/server model, such as web servers. However, other types of software systems can also be load tested. For example, a word processor or graphics editor can be forced to read an extremely large document; or a financial package can be forced to generate a report based on several years' worth of data. The most accurate load testing simulates actual use, as opposed to testing using theoretical or analytical modeling.

</p><p>Load testing lets you measure your website's <a href="Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> (QOS) performance based on actual customer behavior. Nearly all the load testing tools and frameworks follow the classical load testing paradigm: when customers visit your website, a script recorder records the communication and then creates related interaction scripts. A load generator tries to replay the recorded scripts, which could possibly be modified with different test parameters before replay. In the replay procedure, both the hardware and software statistics will be monitored and collected by the conductor, these statistics include the CPU, memory, disk IO of the physical servers and the response time, the throughput of the <a href="System_under_test" title="System under test">system under test</a> (SUT), etc. And at last, all these statistics will be analyzed and a load testing report will be generated.

</p><p>Load and performance testing analyzes <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> intended for a multi-user audience by subjecting the software to different numbers of virtual and live users while monitoring performance measurements under these different loads. Load and performance testing is usually conducted in a test environment identical to the production environment before the software system is permitted to go live.

</p><p>Objectives of load testing:

- To ensure that the system meets performance benchmarks;

- To determine the breaking point of the system;

- To test the way the product reacts to load-induced downtimes.

</p><p>As an example, a website with <a href="Shopping_cart_software" title="Shopping cart software">shopping cart</a> capability is required to support 100 concurrent users broken out into the following activities:

</p>

<ul><li>25 virtual users (VUsers) log in, browse through items and then log off</li>

<li>25 VUsers log in, add items to their shopping cart, check out and then log off</li>

<li>25 VUsers log in, return items previously purchased and then log off</li>

<li>25 VUsers just log in without any subsequent activity</li></ul>

<p>A test analyst can use various load testing tools to create these VUsers and their activities. Once the test has started and reached a steady-state, the application is being tested at the 100 VUser loads as described above. The application's performance can then be monitored and captured.

</p><p>The specifics of a load <a href="Test_plan" title="Test plan">test plan</a> or <a href="Test_script" title="Test script">script</a> will generally vary across organizations. For example, in the bulleted list above, the first item could represent 25 VUsers browsing unique items, random items, or a selected set of items depending upon the test plan or script developed. However, all load test plans attempt to simulate system performance across a range of anticipated peak workflows and volumes. The criteria for passing or failing a load test (pass/fail criteria) are generally different across organizations as well. There are no standards specifying acceptable load testing performance metrics.

</p><p>A common misconception is that load testing software provides record and playback capabilities like <a href="Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">regression testing</a> tools. Load testing tools analyze the entire <a href="OSI_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="OSI Model">OSI protocol stack</a> whereas most regression testing tools focus on <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> performance. For example, a regression testing tool will record and playback a mouse click on a button on a web browser, but a load testing tool will send out hypertext the web browser sends after the user clicks the button. In a multiple-user environment, load testing tools can send out hypertext for multiple users with each user having a unique login ID, password, etc.

</p><p>The popular load testing tools available also provide insight into the causes for slow performance. There are numerous possible causes for slow system performance, including, but not limited to, the following:

</p>

<ul><li>Application server(s) or software</li>

<li><a href="Database_server" title="Database server">Database server</a>(s)</li>

<li>Network – <a href="Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a>, <a href="Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">congestion</a>, etc.</li>

<li>Client-side processing</li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">Load balancing</a> between multiple servers</li></ul>

<p>Load testing is especially important if the application, system, or service will be subject to a <a href="Service_level_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Service level agreement">service level agreement</a> or SLA.

</p><p>Load testing is performed to determine a system's behavior under both normal and anticipated peak load conditions. It helps to identify the maximum operating capacity of an application as well as any bottlenecks and determine which element is causing degradation. When the load placed on the system is raised beyond normal usage patterns to test the system's response at unusually high or peak loads, it is known as <a href="Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">stress testing</a>. The load is usually so great that error conditions are the expected result, but there is no clear boundary when an activity ceases to be a load test and becomes a stress test.

</p>

The term "load testing" is often used synonymously with <a href="Concurrent_testing" title="Concurrent testing">concurrency testing</a>, <a href="Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">software performance testing</a>, <a href="Reliability_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliability testing">reliability testing</a>, and <a href="Volume_testing" title="Volume testing">volume testing</a> for specific scenarios. All of these are types of <a href="Non-functional_testing" title="Non-functional testing">non-functional testing</a> that are not part of functionality testing used to validate suitability for use of any given software.</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_load_testing">Physical load testing</h2></div>

<p>Many types of machinery, engines,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> structures,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and motors<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are load tested. The load may be at a designated safe working load (SWL), full load, or at an aggravated level of load. The governing contract, <a href="Technical_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical specification">technical specification</a> or <a href="Test_method" title="Test method">test method</a> contains the details of conducting the test. The purpose of a mechanical load test is to verify that all the component parts of a structure including materials, base-fixings are fit for task and loading it is designed for.

</p><p>Several types of load testing are employed

</p>

<ul><li>Static testing is when a designated constant load is applied for a specified time.</li>

<li>Dynamic testing is when a variable or moving load is applied.</li>

<li>Cyclical testing consists of repeated loading and unloading for specified cycles, durations and conditions.</li></ul>

<p>The <i>Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulation 1992 UK</i> state that load testing is undertaken before the equipment is put into service for the first time. <a href="Performance_test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance test (assessment)">Performance testing</a> applies a safe working load (SWL), or other specified load, for a designated time in a governing test method, specification, or contract. Under the <i>Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 UK</i> load testing after the initial test is required if a major component is replaced, if the item is moved from one location to another or as dictated by the competent person.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Car_charging_system">Car charging system</h2></div>

<p>A load test can be used to evaluate the health of a car's <a href="Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. The tester consists of a large resistor that has a resistance similar to a car's <a href="Starter_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter motor">starter motor</a> and a meter to read the battery's output voltage both in the unloaded and loaded state. When the tester is used, the battery's open circuit voltage is checked first. If the open circuit voltage is below spec (12.6 volts for a fully charged battery), the battery is charged first. After reading the battery's open circuit voltage, the load is applied. When applied, it draws approximately the same current the car's starter motor would draw during cranking. Based on the specified <a href="Cold_cranking_ampere" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold cranking ampere">cold cranking amperes</a> of the battery, if the voltage under load falls below a certain point, the battery is bad. Load tests are also used on running cars to check the output of the car's <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Internet_Application_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Application Management">Internet Application Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Soak_testing" title="Soak testing">Soak testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">Stress testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_testing" title="Structural testing">Structural testing</a></li>

<li><a href="System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_testing" title="Web testing">Web testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_server_benchmarking" title="Web server benchmarking">Web server benchmarking</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJiangHassan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Zhen Ming; Hassan, Ahmed E. (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7123673">"A Survey on Load Testing of Large-Scale Software Systems"</a></span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. <b>41</b> (11). IEEE: <span class="nowrap">1091–</span>1118. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSE.2015.2445340">10.1109/TSE.2015.2445340</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWescott2013" class="citation book cs1">Wescott, Bob (2013). <i>The Every Computer Performance Book, Chapter 6: Load Testing</i>. <a href="CreateSpace" title="CreateSpace">CreateSpace</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1482657753</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarperDevin_Martin,_Harold_Miller,_Robert_Grimley_and_Frédéric_Greiner2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Harper, David; Devin Martin, Harold Miller, Robert Grimley and Frédéric Greiner (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1577115"><i>Design of the 6C Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine</i></a>, ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference, vol. 2: Turbo Expo 2003, Atlanta GA: ASME 1., pp. <span class="nowrap">833–</span>841, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7918-3685-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-14</span></span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRainesGarnier2004" class="citation cs2">Raines, Richard; Garnier, Jacques (2004), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1629220"><i>23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Volume 1, Parts a and B</i></a></span>, vol. 1, Vancouver, BC: ASME, pp. <span class="nowrap">621–</span>631, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2FOMAE2004-51343">10.1115/OMAE2004-51343</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7918-3743-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-14</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_assistance/pdfs/10097517.pdf"><i>DETERMINING ELECTRIC MOTOR LOAD AND EFFICIENCY</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. DOE/GO-10097-517, US Department of Energy, 2010, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9709500-6-2</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-14</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodsandtools.com/archive/archive.php?id=38">Modeling the Real World for Load Testing Web Sites</a> by Steven Splaine</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartbear.com/products/qa-tool/what-is-load-testing/">What is Load Testing?</a> by Tom Huston</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radview.com/4-types-of-load-testing-and-when-each-should-be-used/">4 Types of Load Testing and when each should be used</a> by David Buch</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/performance-load-stress-endurance-test-which-do-you-want-chris-jones">Performance, Load, Stress or Endurance Test? Which do you want?</a> by Chris Jones</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br>and<br>instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Geo-electrical sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Pore pressure measurement

<ul><li><a href="Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Ram sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Rock control drilling</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Rotary weight sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Screw plate test</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Simple sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br>testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li>

<li><a href="California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li>

<li><a href="R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li>

<li><a href="Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li>

<li><a href="Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li>

<li><a href="Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li>

<li><a href="Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reynolds'_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li>

<li><a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li>

<li><a href="Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br>(<a href="Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li>

<li><a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li>

<li><a href="Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Shoring structures

<ul><li><a href="Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>

<li><a href="Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li>

<li><a href="Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li>

<li><a href="Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li>

<li><a href="Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li>

<li><a href="Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br>problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li>

<li><a href="Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a>

<ul><li><a href="Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis

<ul><li><a href="Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li>

<li><a href="Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br>software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>STABL</li>

<li><a href="SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li>

<li><a href="SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li>

<li><a href="UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Load_testing&oldid=1292138775">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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